Harmonic Series
Build timbre from harmonics and vibrating-string patterns
Build a timbre by combining partials and compare the resulting waveform with what you hear. Explore overtones and the contrasting undertone series.
Key idea
Harmonics have frequencies that are integer multiples of a fundamental. Their relative amplitudes shape timbre. A string’s standing-wave drawings show each mode separately; the composite waveform combines the active components.
Try this first
Begin with the fundamental alone, then add a second and third harmonic. Listen as the timbre changes while the composite waveform becomes more intricate. Solo a partial to connect its pitch with its standing-wave pattern.
How to get started
- Set the fundamental f₁ with the slider: drag slowly for fine tuning.
- Choose Overtones (f₁ × n) or Undertones (f₁ ÷ n), and a Sine, Soft or Warm sound.
- Tap numbers to turn harmonics on or off, and drag the thin bar under each to set its level.
- Try a preset like Sawtooth, Clarinet or Harmonic 7th, then press Play all at the top left of the settings panel to listen.
- Use ‹ to hide the controls for a larger view of the strings and waveform.
Explore a little further
Try another experiment
Hear the fundamental alone, then add one harmonic at a time. Compare adding odd harmonics with adding consecutive harmonics. Watch the composite waveform while listening for changes in tone color.
Good to know
Harmonic frequencies are whole-number multiples of the fundamental. The string patterns illustrate the model; actual instrument spectra also depend on excitation, material and resonance.
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